论文标题

辐射效应在差距开放中的辐射效果的重要性

Importance of radiative effects in gap opening by planets in protoplanetary disks

论文作者

Ziampras, Alexandros, Kley, Wilhelm, Dullemond, Cornelis P.

论文摘要

最近的ALMA观察结果揭示了几个年轻的II级对象中的同心环形结构。为了在其中一些系统中产生环和间隙,它们已经用单个嵌入式行星进行了数字建模,假设局部等温状态方程。这通常是通过针对磁盘的辐射主导的外部区域(约100个AU)的观测值来证明的。我们通过在薄薄的局部等温和辐射磁盘中对嵌入式行星进行流体动力学模拟来测试这一假设,这些磁盘模仿了系统HD 163296和209的系统,以研究在局部局部等温环境中将能量方程置于行星 - 风向相互作用的效果。我们发现,用理想的状态方程进行建模在产生的环数和磁盘中的螺旋臂对比方面有所不同。本地等温磁盘可产生更敏锐的环形或方位角特征,并通过产生多个间隙来高估单个星球的空隙张开功能。相比之下,辐射磁盘中的行星雕刻了典型磁盘参数的单个间隙。因此,为了准确对具有大约100个Au的半轴轴行星进行准确的建模,即使在局部等温磁盘中,也应考虑辐射效应。此外,对于AS 209的情况,我们发现局部等温模型和辐射模型之间的主要差距显着差异。我们的结果表明,需要多个行星来解释此类系统中的富环结构。

Recent ALMA observations revealed concentric annular structures in several young class-II objects. In an attempt to produce the rings and gaps in some of these systems, they have been modeled numerically with a single embedded planet assuming a locally isothermal equation of state. This is often justified by observations targeting the irradiation-dominated outer regions of disks (approximately 100 au). We test this assumption by conducting hydrodynamics simulations of embedded planets in thin locally isothermal and radiative disks that mimic the systems HD 163296 and AS 209 in order to examine the effect of including the energy equation in a seemingly locally isothermal environment as far as planet-disk interaction is concerned. We find that modeling such disks with an ideal equation of state makes a difference in terms of the number of produced rings and the spiral arm contrast in the disk. Locally isothermal disks produce sharper annular or azimuthal features and overestimate a single planet's gap-opening capabilities by producing multiple gaps. In contrast, planets in radiative disks carve a single gap for typical disk parameters. Consequently, for accurate modeling of planets with semimajor axes up to about 100 au, radiative effects should be taken into account even in seemingly locally isothermal disks. In addition, for the case of AS 209, we find that the primary gap is significantly different between locally isothermal and radiative models. Our results suggest that multiple planets are required to explain the ring-rich structures in such systems.

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