论文标题
对量子内部能量的局部定义的限制
A constraint on local definitions of quantum internal energy
论文作者
论文摘要
量子热力学的最新进展一直集中在越来越基本的感兴趣系统上，即接近单个量子的极限，相关性，强耦合和非平衡环境发挥了作用。在这种情况下，很明显必须重新审视基本的物理量。本文询问是否可以设计开放量子系统的内部能量的通用定义，并为其可能的属性设定限制。我们认为，要将这样的定义视为本地，应将其实现为开放系统减少密度运算符及其时间导数的功能。然后，我们表明它至少应涉及到二阶导数，否则未能恢复“宇宙”的先前内部能量。讨论了这一总体结果的可能含义。
Recent advances in quantum thermodynamics have been focusing on ever more elementary systems of interest, approaching the limit of a single qubit, with correlations, strong coupling and non-equilibrium environments coming into play. Under such scenarios, it is clear that fundamental physical quantities must be revisited. This article questions whether a universal definition of internal energy for open quantum systems may be devised, setting limits on its possible properties. We argue that, for such a definition to be regarded as local, it should be implemented as a functional of the open system's reduced density operator and its time derivatives. Then we show that it should involve at least up to the second-order derivative, otherwise failing to recover the previously-known internal energy of the "universe". Possible implications of this general result are discussed.
