论文标题

异质性扩展了关键

Heterogeneity extends criticality

论文作者

Sánchez-Puig, Fernanda, Zapata, Octavio, Pineda, Omar K., Iñiguez, Gerardo, Gershenson, Carlos

论文摘要

提出了批判性作为复杂性,生命和计算出现的一种机制,因为它在鲁棒性和适应性之间表现出平衡。在结构和动力学被认为均匀的复杂系统的经典模型中,关键性仅限于相变,从而在大多数参数空间中导致稳健(有序)或自适应(混乱)阶段。但是,许多现实世界中的复杂系统并不均匀。某些元素的变化比其他元素更快,其元素(通常是最相关的元素)提供了稳健性,并且具有自适应的元素。连通性的结构模式通常也是异质的,其特征是很少有相互作用的元素和大多数元素,只有少数元素。在这里,我们采用一些传统上同质的动力学模型,并探索其异质版本,发现异质性扩展了关键性的证据。因此,参数微调对于达到相变并获得(同质)关键的好处是不需要的。简单地添加异质性可以扩展关键性,从而使复杂系统的搜索/演变更快,更可靠。我们的结果为物理,社会和技术系统中无处不在的异质性而无处不在,因为自然选择可以利用异质性来发展复杂性“免费”。在人工系统和生物设计中,异质性也可用于扩展允许关键性的参数范围。

Criticality has been proposed as a mechanism for the emergence of complexity, life, and computation, as it exhibits a balance between robustness and adaptability. In classic models of complex systems where structure and dynamics are considered homogeneous, criticality is restricted to phase transitions, leading either to robust (ordered) or adaptive (chaotic) phases in most of the parameter space. Many real-world complex systems, however, are not homogeneous. Some elements change in time faster than others, with slower elements (usually the most relevant) providing robustness, and faster ones being adaptive. Structural patterns of connectivity are also typically heterogeneous, characterized by few elements with many interactions and most elements with only a few. Here we take a few traditionally homogeneous dynamical models and explore their heterogeneous versions, finding evidence that heterogeneity extends criticality. Thus, parameter fine-tuning is not necessary to reach a phase transition and obtain the benefits of (homogeneous) criticality. Simply adding heterogeneity can extend criticality, making the search/evolution of complex systems faster and more reliable. Our results add theoretical support for the ubiquitous presence of heterogeneity in physical, social, and technological systems, as natural selection can exploit heterogeneity to evolve complexity "for free". In artificial systems and biological design, heterogeneity may also be used to extend the parameter range that allows for criticality.

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